Edison worked on his ideas between May and November of 1877 but he was not trying to create records, he was working on a way to “play back” recorded telegraph messages. In November 1877 he formally announced and demonstrated his phonograph which was a way to record and play back sounds. His initial recordings do not resemble anything we are familiar with as records. Edison used a cylinder covered in tinfoil and the motion of a stylus to make groves in the foil. Edison’s patents show understanding that a disc could be used to record the sounds but he concentrated on the cylinders since there speed was constant.

In 1886, Cichester Bell and Charles Tainter patented the Graphophone which used wax coated vertical cylinders to record and produce the sounds. These cylinders used a different way of recording and playback. Edison’s devices were patented specifying an embossed technique which produced a three dimensional image on the medium. The Bell and Tainter device was called the Graphophone and used engraving which cuts grooves into the surface. Then in 1887, Emile Berliner developed the Gramophone which used a wax and zinc coated disc that recorded the motion of the stylus. An acid bath firmed the groove the stylus had created and removed any excess material so the recording could be played back.

1889 saw the first Phonograph Parlor in San Francisco where patrons would request a musical selection for a nickel and it would be played through a tube that was connected to the music cylinders in a separate room. These salons became very popular and are an early form of what we know as a jukebox since the patrons paid money for a specific piece of music to play. Many cities in America had at least one of these music parlors and the manufacturers of the cylinders began attempting to mass produce their products in the 1890s. The live music would create the initial recording while a few cylinders were connected to other phonographs. This technology sped up the process of creating the recordings since they no longer had to be individually hand created. As the technology improved, so did the methods of recording and production since the demand for certain artists increased.

Record players are a nostalgic item of a bygone era for many but there are a lot of people who are devoted to the phonograph’s audio quality as superior to any of the current popular technology. Regardless of which technology we personally prefer the importance of the record player and its rich history cannot be stressed enough.

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John Adams was the vice president under the country’s founding father, George Washington. He became the country’s second president in 1796 when Washington declined a second term. Adams served from 1797 to 1801. Born in October of 1735, Adams early life was blessed in comparison to many Americans.

Graduating from Harvard at age 20, Adams was destined for life as a lawyer but he was better with a pen than any legal text. He enjoyed writing about current events and observing the world around him. He was a serious student of the world. Many described him as Washington’s perfect foil and a contrast to the first president’s outgoing personality.

Adam’s political life began before the American Revolution when he provided legal defense to British soldiers after the Boston Massacre. He was the leader of the Whig party and elected into the Massachusetts house in 1774 when he became a member of the famed Continental Congress. Adams believed in a democratic nation governed by the laws of its citizens.

Adams’ love of country and ardent desire to separate from Great Britain made him the ideal candidate to join Jefferson and Franklin on the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence. Finally Adams’ skill as a writer would find a use. A great use in fact.

He would also be involved in creating the Massachusetts constitution in 1780.

Adams did run for the job as America’s first president but was beaten squarely by Washington. The rules of the election back then dictated he would become the first vice president instead. He must have done a good job to be voted president during the next election.

Adams’ presidency was not a happy one. The party suffered from internal problems and Adams was not treated as a president should be by his own constituents. He left office disappointed with the way things had gone and did not try for a second term.

Interestingly, Adams passed away 50 years after the signing of the declaration in July 4, 1826. He believed that at least Thomas Jefferson survived from the original founders of American independence. He did not know that Jefferson had died a few hours before himself. Adams’ last words were “Thomas Jefferson still survives.”

Adams’ is a mixed legacy, one full of famous firsts and the legacy of freedom marred with the internal division of his party.

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Freed from the agonies of World War I, Americans eagerly bounded into the “era of wonderful nonsense” — the Roaring Twenties. They threw off Victorian traditions and rural ways, and sought everything modern, from bobbed hair, bathtub gin, jazz, Model Ts, movies and radio to fads of all kinds. Moreover, the war-weary public embraced the drama and excitement of sports and its star athletes, in search of heroes not from the fields of Flanders, but from a field of dreams.

HEROES & BALLYHOO salutes the ten most prominent Golden Age heroes and relates their effect on sports and society. Babe Ruth, America’s greatest sports hero, leads the way, followed by boxer Jack Dempsey, college football’s Red Grange and Knute Rockne, tennis players Bill Tilden and Helen Wills, golfers Walter Hagen and Bobby Jones, and swimmers Johnny Weissmuller and Gertrude Ederle.

The book also celebrates the ballyhoo artists—sportswriters, promoters, and press agents—who hyped the stars to a receptive public. Reporters Grantland Rice and Damon Runyon set the pace for the press; promoters C. C. Pyle and Tex Rickard put P. T. Barnum to shame; and Babe Ruth’s press agent, Christy Walsh, founded the sports marketing business.

BALLYHOO (bal-ee-hoo), n.: loud, exaggerated, or sensational advertising or promotion.
BALLYHOOING, v.:to publicize noisily. First seen in the mainstream press around 1910, the
term’s usage peaked in the 1920s. Originally associated with carnival barkers.

For more information, please visit the publication’s official website:

website: http://www.bohnbooks.com/

History Collectors: We offer a wide selection of museum quality replicas and authentic items representing nearly every century of the Common Era and the most significant civilizations of ancient history. Once you browse through our online catalogue, we are certain you’ll find the perfect gift for yourself or a loved one with an interest in history.

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In Asia, a fellowship of Greek cities existed which were responsible for business such as sending ambassadors to the Roman Republic Senate. However, early in the reign of Augustus, this fellowship was strongly linked with the imperial cult for in 29 B.C. they requested permission from Augustus to build a temple in his honour. Nevertheless, either because he wished to avoid resentment, or because he genuine disliked the un-Roman practice, Augustus was very cautious in accepting these divine honors. When the Roman population of two provinces made the same request, Augustus refused them, telling them instead to worship Rome. This did not stop the spread of the imperial cult however, and soon the worship of Augustus was widely diffused in East.

In Egypt, another eastern province, the imperial cult was expressed in slightly different terms. After the death of Cleopatra, Augustus was declared the Pharaoh and therefore he was ex officio a god. By taking this title Augustus was giving his permission for the Egyptians to worship him as was their tradition. His position of Roman Emperor would have been acknowledged within Egypt however, there his first and most recognised title was that of Pharaoh, and it was this title above all others, that gave him his link to the heavens.

On the other hand, the establishment of the imperial cult in the West was pushed more by Augustus than it was by the native people of the provinces. Perhaps Augustus came to see the value of the imperial cult in stimulating loyalty to Rome and himself, for he promoted emperor worship in the western provinces where there had been no previous tradition. To promote his worship and divine right to rule, Augustus and his advisers developed a set of images that were capable of conveying the ideals of the renewed Roman Empire to the Western population. These images often showed his connection to the Roman gods through garlands, wreaths and sacrifices. In 12 B.C the sixty Western tribes of the Celtic gathered at Rhone and elected their first high priests of the imperial cult within their area. Gaius Julius Vercundaris Dubius was elected and eventually rewarded, by Augustus, with Roman citizenship. This was the highest honour a provincial elite could hold. The famous Roman poet Ovid wrote, “under the leadership of Augustus both east and west are Roman soil”.

Despite that, Augustus was not the only Roman trying to promote Emperor worship in the West. Many of the elites living in Africa would have wanted to assert their statues as Romans on the native population. This was done through the introduction of temples and the worship of Roma and the Emperor Augustus. Not only were these monuments erected around the city, but also in private homes. Many families were given Roman citizenship as a reward for their loyalty to the Roman empire.

For further reading see “The Imperial Cult in the Latin West” four volumes by D. Fishwick.
About the Author
Charlotte Gardner, a guest blog writer, is currently studying archaeology at the Australian National University. In her spare time she likes to read and write about eccentric historical moments. Her love of old buildings and older stories was sparked when she visited Italy. One of Charlotte’s greatest wishes is that in a few thousand years her skeleton will be dug up by an archaeological investigation team and put on display in a national museum. You may contact Charlotte via email at: charlotteg86@gmail.com.

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Another man deserving credit is Doctor J.N. Farrar who developed the idea of using intermittent mild force to correct dental irregularities in the 1880s. He wrote a couple of books that dealt with his ideas on correcting orthodontic problems. His scientific approach to the biological issues of orthodontics was revolutionary.

Edward Angle, an American dentist from Pennsylvania at the turn of the 20^th century is widely considered the creator of modern orthodontics and his system of classifying dental arches is used all over the world. In 1887 he wrote “Treatment of Malocclusion of the Teeth”. This volume was revised and republished several times and is the cornerstone of modern orthodontics. Angle served as a professor at a couple of medical colleges and in 1900 founded The School of Orthodontia in St. Louis, Missouri. He developed different types of fixed orthodontic appliances that have evolved into the braces and retainers that we are familiar with today. The sophisticated orthodontic systems used currently by most doctors are the result of improvements in technology and owe their development to the pioneering efforts of a few men. The smiles of millions are the result of these efforts.

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History Collectors: We offer a wide selection of museum quality replicas and authentic items representing nearly every century of the Common Era and the most significant civilizations of ancient history. Once you browse through our online catalogue, we are certain you’ll find the perfect gift for yourself or a loved one with an interest in history.