Born September 22, 1791 Michael Faraday was a poorly educated economically challenged south London boy. He grew to become one of Britain’s foremost scientists who we remember today as the foundational thinker in the study of electromagnetism. In other words, without Faraday, there would be no electric motor.
Electromagnetic induction is the science behind the electric generator and the electric transformer. It meant that electricity could go from a novelty item of the rich to the power behind mass production, industrialization and modern manufacturing and transportation. Faraday changed the world by expanding the scientific knowledge of his era and giving it a truly practical application.
Archaeological evidence dates the first use of purple dye to approximately 1600 B.C. Legend attributes the discovering of this colour to Heracles, whose dog’s mouth was stained purple from eating rotten shellfish along the Levantine coast. It is then said that Heracles gave a piece of purple cloth as a gift to the King of Phoenix who declared it to be the royal color. This rich purple color became known as tyrian or imperial purple.
Since then, purple has been associated with royalty in Egypt, Persia and Rome. The Roman Emperors, however, took this color used to an extreme. Public displays of status in Ancient Rome were important as it offered an opportunity for the wealthy and powerful to flaunt their position. As men all wore the same style toga, knee length tunic and cloak, for Emperors stand out he would wear a trabea or toga entirely purple. The Roman Sumptuary Laws, which date back to the Roman Republic, were put in place to curb the money spent on food, entertainment and clothing. These laws stated that only the Emperor was allowed to wear the purple clothes. The penalties for failing to comply included fines, property loss and sometimes even death. The only other people permitted to wear purple, as a strip along the hems of their togas, were the lesser dignitaries including senators and their sons.
There were two main reasons why purple clothing was limited to Emperors only. The first was because purple was also used to decorate statues of the gods to indicate the Emperors relationship with them. (It was Julius Caesar (100 BC–44 BC) who first claimed that as the Emperor he was related to the gods.) The second was the rarity of purple dye. For thousands of years, purple dye was worth its weight in silver. It could take up to ten thousand mollusks to made enough dye for one toga. For Tyrian purple dye to be extracted from the mollusk the shellfish had to be collected, then crushed and left the in sun to decay. The secretion, oozing from the rotting shellfish was then collected and used to dye fabric. The smell was so bad that areas along the coast were reserved for the production of dye away from other settlements.
With the decline of the Roman Empire came the decline of tyrian purple dye, especially with the fall of Constantinople (now Istanbul) in A.D. 1453. It was not until 1856 that a new source of dye was found that also produced the deep purple color. This was the first aniline dye to be discovered and is called mauveine or aniline purple. It was discovered by William Perkin (1838–1907) while he was searching for a cure for malaria. He was only 18 at the time. (Nowadays aniline is used to make dyes, plastics, drugs and photographic chemicals.) This was the first time in history that purple became accessible to the masses.
image 1 - Roman Painting - Villa dei Misteri Pompeii - examples of the Royal Color Purple
image 2 - This mosaic, from the Basilica of San Vitale in Italy, showing the Emperor Justinian of Byzantine (AD 483–565) wearing a tyrian purple cloak.
About the Author
Charlotte Gardner, a guest blog writer, is currently studying archaeology at the Australian National University. In her spare time she likes to read and write about eccentric historical moments. Her love of old buildings and older stories was sparked when she visited Italy. One of Charlotte’s greatest wishes is that in a few thousand years her skeleton will be dug up by an archaeological investigation team and put on display in a national museum. You may contact Charlotte via email at: charlotteg86@gmail.com.
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Tags: 1453 A.D., 1838-1907, 1856, analine purple, ancient rome, aniline dye, Byzantine Emeror Justinian, Decline of Roman Empire, Emperor's Purple, Fall of Constantinople, Julius Caesar, mauveine purple, Puple dye from mollusk of shellfish, purple as status symbol, purple dye history, purple fabric history, Roman Republic, Roman Sumptuary laws, Roman Toga, royal color purple, royal colour purple, search for malaria cure, Tyrian Purple, William Perkin
The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were the height of European colonial activity in the Middle East. This was a period during which the British were involved in the affairs of Egypt and the Sudan as they formed alliances in the region for economic purposes. In 1820 the British and the Gulf-region sheikhs established economic pacts that would guarantee the British access to Gulf-region resources and in 1839 they annexed Aden. The British went to war with Iran in 1856 over rights of way to India and China through Iran and later, in 1907, England and Russia would vie for power in Iran and divide it for their interests. The Italians entered the Middle East also at the beginning of the 20th century, establishing presence in Libya through a series of campaigns over a twenty year period.
The French, in turn, gained control over Algiers in 1830 and also pressed into Lebanon in 1860. In 1881 the French established a protectorate in Tunisia and would through the northern gateway of Africa establish a presence in what are today the modern nations Senegal, Mauritania, Chad, the Republic of Congo, the Central African Republic, Niger, Guinea, Mali, Cote d’Ivoire, and Benin. France’s intention was to establish a firm east-west axis of control across the African continent in opposition to the British Empire’s north-south axis of power. The two imperial powers were at odds, though by 1904 the two had reached a series of agreements under the Entente Cordiale which eventually led the way for Britain to support France’s grab for Morocco as a French protectorate. Previously, in 1869, the French and British had collaborated with their financing to assist the Egyptians in construction of the Suez Canal. 
The colonies of the Middle East were exploited for their resources and their strategic location as well as for the wealth of their artistic traditions, brought back to Europe in the antiquities trade. Sometimes with the assistance of their hosts, the British and other European powers returned to their countries with cultural treasures 
