Halloween is a celebration we are all familiar with and is often a controversial one as well since various groups disagree with dressing up as monsters and other ghoulish creatures. A lot of organizations prefer to have fall festivals instead of Halloween celebrations believing it is an evil holiday but the history of it tells a different story. Halloween has its origins in the ancient Celtic celebration known as Samhain. It was a festival held at the end of the harvest season and is sometimes regarded as the Celtic New Year. It was a time the Celtic pagans inventoried their supplies and slaughtered livestock in preparation for winter. They also believed that October 31 blurred the lines between the living and the dead. The dead were dangerous to the living and were the cause of illness and crop damage or failure and the Celts wore masks and costumes to placate the spirits. 
The term Halloween is a shortened version of All Hallows’ Eve which was the evening of All Hallows’ Day and was a day of northern European pagan festivities which was known as All Saints Day by the church which was a Christian celebration that occurred on May 13 but was moved to November 1st by a couple of 9th century popes. The church measured the days as starting at sunset so All Saints Day and Halloween were celebrated on the same day for a while though now All Saints Day is celebrated the day after Halloween since that calendar system has not been used for centuries. Many in the church see it is a demon worshipping holiday but historically it is the day when the living and dead can communicate for a short time. Halloween as we know it was brought to America in 1840 by Irish immigrants fleeing the potato famine in their country.
Some of the traditions and their activities have their roots in historical stories and events. The Romans added some of the Celtic traditions into their own culture and one of those is honoring the goddess Pomona. The symbol of Pomona is an apple which may be an explanation of the modern Halloween tradition of bobbing for apples. Over time the custom of dressing like witches and goblins became more ceremonial than a belief that the dead were actually walking the earth. Trick or Treating is believed to have started as a 9th century European custom known as souling. On November 2nd Christians would roam from village to village asking for pieces of bread with currants baked into them known as Soul Cakes. They would promise to say prayers for the recently deceased from any of the people who gave them the cakes and the prayers were believed to help the soul on its way to heaven. The jack-o-lantern is a holdover from Irish legends about a drunkard named Jack who tricked Satan into climbing a tree and carved a cross into the tree trapping Satan. The tale says that Jack died but was not admitted to heaven because of his bad ways and was not let into hell since he had tricked the devil. The devil gave him a glowing ember to light his way which Jack placed in a hollowed turnip to make the light last longer. The Irish used turnips initially as their Jack-o-lanterns but the newly arrived Irish in America found that hollowed pumpkins made better lanterns and they have been a fixture of Halloween since. Halloween has become a large holiday in America from both the economic and social aspects and only gets bigger each year regardless of how it is celebrated.
One often wonders where the traditions of our most beloved holidays actually originate. The American holiday of Halloween has come a long way in two thousand years with a mixture of both ancient and modern rituals playing a large role in this annual celebration. Bobbing for apples and wearing terrifying masks come to us from the murky pagan past but pumpkin pie contests and parties are more recent additions to this, the spookiest of seasonal festivals.
Samhain is the name of a Celtic druid festival celebrated before the onset of Christianity in Ireland. It represented the time after the gathering of the harvest and before the onset of winter. Samhain was the beginning of a new agricultural year for the Celts and during this time, the veil between the realms of the living and the dead were temporarily lifted. All those who had died in the last year were free to leave their graves and visit their relatives. With the good, so came the bad and the Celts made sacrifices, performed magical rituals and created defenses against a predicted onslaught of ill maligned ghosts and ghouls.
Brightly burning fires were the Celts main defense against the darker side of the world of the dead and this symbol remains a part of the modern Halloween custom. The bright fires were symbolic of the sun as the darkness of winter settled over the land. In some areas, the two-day festival of Samhain culminated with the lighting of new fires that were used to light the homes and cook the food for the following year.
After the Roman Empire came to the British Isles in 43 BCE, the practice of Samhain took on a new form and now included the worship of the Roman goddess of fruit, Pomona. As the Celtic holiday coincided with the apple harvest in Europe, the two celebrations became co-mingled with bonfires and apple treats and fortune telling games indulged simultaneously.
With the arrival of Christianity, the Catholic Church replaced many of the pagan festivals with Christian festivals accounting for the modern dates of such practices as Easter and Christmas. Samhain didn’t really fit into the church’s timeline, forcing into reality a new holiday meant to replace the ancient beliefs. At the close of the ninth century, November 1 was declared to be All Hallows’ Day, a time of remembrance and prayer. The word ‘hallow’ means holy and the day was set aside for all the saints and holy people in the Christian worldview. Yet the pagan practices still persisted, especially in the rural areas of Britain where the lives of most people were dictated by crop cycles and the changing seasons.
All Hallows Eve was the church’s compromise to old world traditions and was meant as a time for visiting the cemeteries and praying for lost relatives. What actually happened was a combination of fire lighting, cemetery trips, fortune telling (using apple peels) and the persistence in the belief that on that night negative spirits walked the earth.
As the years passed, the traditions and rituals of Halloween expanded and took on regional variations. In the English countryside villagers would roam the streets requesting currant filled sweet breads known as soul cakes that were to ward off evil and provide some sustenance for the poor. They carried with them hollowed out turnips with candles to light their way. The turnips were often potatoes back in Ireland and the requests made door to door were for food and money for the less fortunate rather than soul cakes.
The concept of trick or treat most probably originates with the English mischief night tradition when the less than savory members of the village used the excuse of Halloween to make trouble for neighbors they felt had slighted them. Covering chimneys so houses filled with smoke was a common trick and anyone questioned would always blame the unexplainable events on the spirits, the goblins or the elves. Tricks were also reserved for those who chose not to make donations to the poor.
It was considered a good idea to wear a mask when performing such tricks so no one would recognize the mischief makers. The idea of masks has many origins. The ancient druids used masks (or severed heads) to ward off evil during their rituals. The early Catholic Church encouraged parishioners to dress up as angels and devils on All Saint’s day. Masks not only hid the face, but offered the chance to confuse the evil spirits as they passed by.
The Halloween costume of today embraces the history of disguise but has evolved to include both scary costumes and fun, creative costumes. The competitive aspect of costume making is a recent concept, as is shopping mall parades, trick or treating in daylight and making pumpkin pies. These are adaptations based on both availability (turnips become pumpkins in America’s harvest) and safety (young children inheriting the tradition of going door to door).
So although the concept and traditions behind Halloween have passed down over many centuries, the American version of Halloween came over long after the pilgrims. The Irish potato famine sent the Christianized Celts to America’s shores where they brought hope, ghost stories and the celebrating of Halloween.
The concepts, understandings and rituals surrounding the Halloween tradition continue to change and its popularity is returning to its British roots. For many years, the celebration of Guy Fawkes Night on November 5 overshadowed British traditions of Halloween. Yet the export of American culture back over the pond has renewed English and Irish ties to their pagan and early church roots. All Hallows Eve is finally retuning home. And the American additions of candy, pumpkins and parties are going along for the ride.
Tags: Celtic, Druid, England, guy fawkes, Halloween, Ireland, Samhain
