By adding the territory of Alaska to the landmass of the country, Seward increased the size of the United States by twenty percent. At the time of the purchase, the rest of the government couldn’t see the point in buying a large piece of empty land that was dark for six months out of the year, had inhospitable weather and was difficult to traverse. But within a few short years oil and gold were discovered in Alaska making the $7.2 million purchase price a bit of a bargain. Seward’s folly turned out to be Seward’s foresight. 
During his senate time, he assisted with the statehood of California, promoted the abolitionist movement and even allowed his home to be used as a stop on the Underground Railroad. He ran for president in 1860 but his party chose Lincoln as their candidate that year. Seward gratefully accepted a nomination from Lincoln to be Secretary of State and served in that capacity for the rest of Lincoln’s term. Secretary of state under Lincoln proved a dramatic role as Seward suffered a knife attack the same evening that Lincoln was assassinated. This was just a setback for the determined Seward who finished his term and then served as Secretary of State under the next President Andrew Johnson.
The Russians had fought against the British in the Crimean War from 1853 to 1856 where both the Russian Empire and the Western European powers fought to obtain the lands now available from the break up of the Ottoman Empire. Russian had no desire to let the British take the land, no matter how fruitless they felt Alaska to be. The Russians offered the land to America out of a determination to upset the British and Seward jumped on the opportunity. 
Born out of the conflict between northern ideals and southern lifestyles, the abolitionist movement was the attempt of a few brave and determined souls to make positive change in America. Although there were many members of this movement whose actions and lives are noteworthy, Frederick Douglass remains a pioneer in the movement as well as an example of true courage and personal determination.
“Where justice is denied, where poverty is enforced, where ignorance prevails, and where any one class is made to feel that society is an organized conspiracy to oppress, rob and degrade them, neither persons nor property will be safe.”
Douglass was born on Valentine’s Day in 1818 into the slave world of Eastern Maryland. Life was hard for Douglass, not only as a slave but within his own family. Separated from his mother when he was just a few months old, Douglass was abandoned on a plantation by his own grandparents at the age of six. By eight he was living as a houseboy in Eastern Maryland working for a white woman who taught him how to read. Educating a slave was at the time illegal and the example served Douglass the rest of his life: he would only find freedom through risk.
Words began to have a strong effect on the young Douglass who showed an interest in speech writing and narrative non fiction. His current circumstances stifled his growing aspirations and Douglass escaped from slavery at the age of twenty in 1838. Making liberal leaning Massachusetts his new home, Douglas began a family and a lifelong career in the anti slavery movement.
Speaking publicly about his slave experience, Douglass put the power of the spoken word to good use. When it came to print, Douglass published his own newspaper as well as several autobiographies utilizing his natural writing abilities to promote the abolitionist cause. At times he feared for his recapture and spent time in the relative safety of Europe proliferating his anti-slavery rhetoric.
Quickly becoming a leading figure in the abolitionist movement, Douglass stirred audiences at home and abroad with the raw truthfulness of his words and his desire to bring change through awareness of slavery’s brutal repercussions. In 1841, a speech before the Massachusetts Anti Slavery group changed everything. His eloquence and ability was immediately recognized and his place as a lecturer among abolitionists confirmed. After having to prove his former slave status to those who doubted a man of such intelligence and self refinement could ever be held against his will, Douglass was recognized as the poster child for the early civil rights movement.
A strong kinship developed between Douglass and fellow abolitionist and newspaper man, William Lloyd Garrison. That was until talk of dissolving the union between the North and the South proved to undo their ties and send them in different directions to fight slavery.
Douglass became an advisor of President Lincoln during the Civil War (1861-1865) and helped garner black recruits for the union army. After the war came to a close, Douglass expanded his pro freedom agenda to include the rights of women, both black and white.
Making speeches on civil rights and giving lectures on the state of the reconstruction movement occupied a lot of Douglass’ time. Somehow he still managed to serve as the U.S. Marshall of Washington DC as well as Counsel General to Haiti. In 1872, Douglass was nominated to run for Vice President of the country. Throughout his life, Douglass was constantly setting the bar higher for himself and creating the bedrock of an American civil rights movement.
To rise from slavery to head of the anti slavery
movement and to continue to fight for change long after the time for rest had come makes Douglass both a great American orator as well as an American hero.
On February 20, 1895, Douglass finished delivering a speech on women’s rights to the National Council of Women before sadly suffering a heart attack. The day of his death would include a standing ovation from the women’s council as even in his final moments, he managed to use words and the power of speech to make lasting impressions on the lives of others.
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With the recent historical presidential race, the country finds its focus once more on Illinois, the land of Lincoln. 
Lincoln became president in 1860, just before the Civil War (1861-1865) engaged the entire nation in a battle ostensibly about slavery but ultimately about unity and what it meant to live up to American ideals. Lincoln was a republican who had served previously in the Illinois legislature and rallied the nation around the concept that even to speak of succession from the union was a criminal offense and that he would fight to defend the union of the United States.
