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Posts Tagged ‘Michael Faraday’

22
Sep

Michael Faraday: The Mind Behind the Motor

   Posted by: Trish    in English History, History Blog, History Today, History of England, Modern History, Personalities in History, Technology History, The Industrial Revolution, World History

Michael Faraday - The Mind Behind the MotorBorn September 22, 1791 Michael Faraday was a poorly educated economically challenged south London boy. He grew to become one of Britain’s foremost scientists who we remember today as the foundational thinker in the study of electromagnetism. In other words, without Faraday, there would be no electric motor.

Leaving school at 14 forced Faraday to become a self educated man. He read scientific books in his spare time as he apprenticed for a local book binder. In 1813, he finally got a job as a lab assistant at the famed Royal Institution. He worked under Humphry Davy a known chemist at the time. Faraday spent several years working in the shadow of some of Britain’s foremost scientific minds, he own thoughts unaccredited in a several experiments, studies and lectures.

In 1821, Faraday published his first solo paper on the electromagnetic radiation. It discussed the idea that charged particles produced waves. The different types and length of these waves are discussed in modern times by the use of the electromagnetic spectrum. Technical thoughts for a high school drop out.

As the years passed, Faraday established a name for himself among his fellow scientists and the students at the Royal Institution, creating a lecture series tradition that continues today. All this time, he continued his research into electromagnetism and in 1831, he determined the rules that governed electromagnetic induction.

Michael Faraday, nineteenth century scientist and electrician, shown delivering the British Royal Institution's Christmas Lecture for Juveniles during the Institution's Christmas break in 1856.Electromagnetic induction is the science behind the electric generator and the electric transformer. It meant that electricity could go from a novelty item of the rich to the power behind mass production, industrialization and modern manufacturing and transportation. Faraday changed the world by expanding the scientific knowledge of his era and giving it a truly practical application.

Faraday’s work and discoveries earned him many titles and honors throughout his scientific career. An unfortunate bout of ill health but a stop to further research and in late August of 1867, Faraday died. Without him, the words “electrode”, “ion” and “cathode” may never have existed and the fundamental principles behind the electric motor never thoroughly worked out.

Every school student learns that moving a magnet inside a coil of wire produces an electrical current. That was Faraday’s original experiment and took a man of humble beginnings into the books of modern world history. Michael Faraday not only discovered the role of electromagnetism but also the compound benzene reminding everyone who knew him that he was not just a physicist but a chemist, one of England’s finest.


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Tags: 1791, 1813, 1821, 1831, 1856, 1867, cathode, electric motor, Electricity, electricity and mass production, electrode, electromagnetic spectrum, electromagnetism, History DVDs, History Store, Humphry Davy, industrialization, ion, Michael Faraday, modern manufacturing, modern transportation and electricity, replica guns, Replica Swords, Royal Institution of London, scale model kits, Scientific History, September 22

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9
Jul

The History of Air Conditioning

   Posted by: Mike    in History Blog, History Today, Modern History, Technology History, World History

Wind Tower in Dubai: Old-fashioned air-conditioning. The tower catches wind from four directions and channels it down into the house.One of the many modern conveniences that people in general appreciate is air conditioning. I live in the South and I appreciate central air conditioning immensely especially during the summer months but the air conditioning we are familiar with is a fairly recent invention even if the idea of artificially cooling a structure is not. In fact, affluent Romans circulated aqueduct water through the walls of their homes to cool them and there were rotary fan devices used in the Chinese Han, Tang, and Song Dynasties from the 2nd century to about 1279. These fans were operated by hand initially and transitioned to water powered systems that were fairly widespread.

Medieval era societies used some ingenious devices to provide cooling. The Persians used large open pools of water called cisterns to collect rainwater. They used a system of windows and vanes to move wind across the evaporating water to cool their buildings. In Egypt, ventilators were developed that were common in homes and helped move warm air out of the houses. British scientist Michael Faraday in 1820 demonstrated that compressing liquefied ammonia and evaporating it could cool the air. Then John Gorrie, a Florida doctor, used the compressor technology to make ice in 1842 and he used it to regulate the temperature at his hospital in Apalachicola, Florida. He was unable to further develop his invention because of his main financier’s untimely demise and after his death in 1855 the whole concept of air conditioning faded for a few years.

diagram of a modern air conditioning unitThe first modern electrical air condition system was designed in 1902 by Willis Haviland Carrier in Syracuse, NY. It was originally invented to control the temperature and humidity in a printing plant to help keep the paper from changing dimensions and throwing off the ink alignment. This technology was soon developed to meet workplace demand and was adapted to provide comfort for homes and automobiles so The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America was born. The residential application of his technology boomed in the 1950s.

The first air conditioning units used toxic or flammable chemicals such as ammonia, propane and methyl chloride which were dangerous if they leaked. Freon was developed by Thomas Midgley Jr. in 1928 and was a much safer chemical. However it was later found to harm the atmosphere and deplete ozone. Freon is trademarked


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by DuPont and several blends have been developed using a number system such as R-12, R-22, and R134A and these are being fazed out of use. Some more environmentally sound alternatives have been developed by companies like Honeywell and are being offered commercially. Air conditioning technology continues to advance and become more energy efficient but I for one am extremely glad that it makes our modern existence so comfortable.

Tags: 1279 A.D., 1820, 1842, 1855, 1902, 1928, 2 A.D., air conditioning, air conditioning in Chinese Han Dynasty, air conditioning in Song Dynasty, air conditioning in Tang Dynasty, air cooling history, artificial cooling, Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America, Chinese rotary fan devices, circulated aqueduct water, compressor technology, Dupont, Egyptian air conditioning, first modern electrical air condition system, History DVDs, Honeywell, invention of Freon, John Gorrie, medieval air conditioning, medieval air cooling, Michael Faraday, Persian air conditioning, replica guns, Replica Swords, scale model kits, Thomas Midgley Jr., Willis Haviland Carrier, wind tower

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