Many people are not familiar with the American Civil War Battle of Hampton Roads until it is referred to as Monitor vs. Merrimack. It was one of the most important Civil War naval battles because of the development of navies it influenced. The battle was fought during the two days of March 8-9, 1862 in Hampton Roads Virginia which is a place where the Elizabeth and Nansemond Rivers connect to the James River and open into the Chesapeake Bay. The battle was an effort of the Confederacy to break the Union blockade which stopped international trade for the large Virginia cities of Richmond and Norfolk. The battle is important because it was the stage for a new type of ship called the ironclad. The confederate ironclad was the CSS Virginia built using the remains of the scuttled Union ship the USS Merrimack and some support ships and during the first day of battle they were confronted by some wooden-hulled ships of the Union Navy. The CSS Virginia destroyed two ships and threatened a third, the Minnesota, but darkness and low tide stopped the action so the Virginia returned to port to take care of the few wounded sailors and fix the small amount of damage it had sustained.
The Virginia returned on the morning of March 9 to finish the destruction of the Minnesota which had run aground but the ironclad USS Monitor had arrived during the night and was defending the U.S.S. Minnesota.The two ironclads slugged it out for three hours but neither could significantly damage the other and the fight ended in a stalemate so the CSS Virginia returned to her home port for repairs and the USS Monitor returned the defense of the Minnesota. The ships did not battle again and the Union blockade stayed in place but the battle got worldwide attention and had an immediate impact. The premier naval powers of Great Britain and France stopped building wooden hulled ships and started building new warships, the monitor, which was based on the design of the original. A small number of heavy guns installed so they can fire in any direction which was featured on the USS Monitor became standard. These improvements were adopted by navies around the world and changed the course of naval combat forever.
Born out of the conflict between northern ideals and southern lifestyles, the abolitionist movement was the attempt of a few brave and determined souls to make positive change in America. Although there were many members of this movement whose actions and lives are noteworthy, Frederick Douglass remains a pioneer in the movement as well as an example of true courage and personal determination.
“Where justice is denied, where poverty is enforced, where ignorance prevails, and where any one class is made to feel that society is an organized conspiracy to oppress, rob and degrade them, neither persons nor property will be safe.”
Douglass was born on Valentine’s Day in 1818 into the slave world of Eastern Maryland. Life was hard for Douglass, not only as a slave but within his own family. Separated from his mother when he was just a few months old, Douglass was abandoned on a plantation by his own grandparents at the age of six. By eight he was living as a houseboy in Eastern Maryland working for a white woman who taught him how to read. Educating a slave was at the time illegal and the example served Douglass the rest of his life: he would only find freedom through risk.
Words began to have a strong effect on the young Douglass who showed an interest in speech writing and narrative non fiction. His current circumstances stifled his growing aspirations and Douglass escaped from slavery at the age of twenty in 1838. Making liberal leaning Massachusetts his new home, Douglas began a family and a lifelong career in the anti slavery movement.
Speaking publicly about his slave experience, Douglass put the power of the spoken word to good use. When it came to print, Douglass published his own newspaper as well as several autobiographies utilizing his natural writing abilities to promote the abolitionist cause. At times he feared for his recapture and spent time in the relative safety of Europe proliferating his anti-slavery rhetoric.
Quickly becoming a leading figure in the abolitionist movement, Douglass stirred audiences at home and abroad with the raw truthfulness of his words and his desire to bring change through awareness of slavery’s brutal repercussions. In 1841, a speech before the Massachusetts Anti Slavery group changed everything. His eloquence and ability was immediately recognized and his place as a lecturer among abolitionists confirmed. After having to prove his former slave status to those who doubted a man of such intelligence and self refinement could ever be held against his will, Douglass was recognized as the poster child for the early civil rights movement.
A strong kinship developed between Douglass and fellow abolitionist and newspaper man, William Lloyd Garrison. That was until talk of dissolving the union between the North and the South proved to undo their ties and send them in different directions to fight slavery.
Douglass became an advisor of President Lincoln during the Civil War (1861-1865) and helped garner black recruits for the union army. After the war came to a close, Douglass expanded his pro freedom agenda to include the rights of women, both black and white.
Making speeches on civil rights and giving lectures on the state of the reconstruction movement occupied a lot of Douglass’ time. Somehow he still managed to serve as the U.S. Marshall of Washington DC as well as Counsel General to Haiti. In 1872, Douglass was nominated to run for Vice President of the country. Throughout his life, Douglass was constantly setting the bar higher for himself and creating the bedrock of an American civil rights movement.
To rise from slavery to head of the anti slavery
movement and to continue to fight for change long after the time for rest had come makes Douglass both a great American orator as well as an American hero.
On February 20, 1895, Douglass finished delivering a speech on women’s rights to the National Council of Women before sadly suffering a heart attack. The day of his death would include a standing ovation from the women’s council as even in his final moments, he managed to use words and the power of speech to make lasting impressions on the lives of others.
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After a long and inspiring train ride from Illinois to Washington DC, Abraham Lincoln gave his first inaugural address on the East Portico of the Capitol building on March 4, 1861. The country was in a state of turmoil as civil war looked to tear asunder all that the country stood for. It was the words and motivating sentiments of one man that assured many they could win the good fight and that the fight was necessary to save American democracy. It seemed never before had any American president faced such an important task: saving the country from itself. 
In his speech Lincoln tried to assure the public that he had no intention and indeed no legal grounds in his mind to interfere with the practice of slavery. He reminded anxious onlookers that the US Constitution condoned slavery in its current version and he and all others holding public office had sworn to uphold the Constitution. The institution of slavery was viewed as the stronghold of the southern economy and the faltering or failure of such an economy seen as devastation on the cultural life of the south. 
Lincoln clearly stated that there would be no civil war that the American government would not fight against its own people. But presidents are only capable of so much rhetoric and in April of 1861, the battle of Fort Sumter in South Carolina marked the beginning of America’s most challenging four years. 
